Phase Changes: Liquid-Solid Concept

Demonstrations in Phase Changes: Liquid-Solid

Cast iron ice bomb: a spherical vessel with a threaded cap connected by a curved pipe to a rectangular metal block, shown before freezing
Safety

Ice Bomb

Water sealed in a heavy-walled metal container freezes and expands (~9% by volume), generating enough pressure to rupture the container. Students see dramatic evidence of water's anomalous expansion upon solidification …
Three views of the ice fountain apparatus: top shows the hydraulic jack with pressure gauge, central cylinder, and conical nozzle on a demo bench with tools; bottom-left shows the outer cylinder filled with crushed ice and the nozzle visible at top; bottom-right shows an extruded ice cylinder emerging from the nozzle
Safety

Ice Fountain

Crushed ice is forced through a conical nozzle by a hydraulic jack. The pressure melts the ice, and it refreezes into a solid cylinder as it exits the nozzle — …